Thermoelectric cooling technology has been widely applied in medical instruments, bringing great benefits to humanity. 

Today, we will introduce several high-end instruments that utilize thermoelectric cooling technology and explore how this technology has become a key enabler supporting numerous modern industries.

I. PCR Instrument

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a method for synthesizing specific DNA fragments through enzyme-catalyzed reactions. It consists of thermal cycles involving three temperature stages: high-temperature denaturation, low-temperature annealing, and moderate-temperature extension. Therefore, a PCR instrument is essentially a programmable temperature controller, also known as a gene amplification instrument. The effectiveness of a PCR instrument is closely related to the transition time between temperature stages. Shorter transition times result in higher amplification specificity and better performance. The key technological challenge lies in increasing the rate of temperature change (heating/cooling) in the samples. Conventional cooling/heating methods, such as compressor-based cooling, water cooling, air cooling, infrared heating, or electric wire heating, make it very difficult to achieve optimal amplification results. In contrast, PCR instruments employing thermoelectric cooling technology not only achieve excellent amplification results but also offer advantages such as compact size, noiseless operation, and a wide temperature regulation range. This is why thermoelectric cooling is at the core of many high-end PCR instruments.

▲ PCR instrument utilizing thermoelectric cooling technology

II. Ventilator Air Pump

The ventilator air pump is a critical component in all ventilators, especially in hospitals without centralized compressed air supply systems, where it is indispensable for providing dry, clean gas to the ventilator. Typically, after cooling the gas, a water separator is used to remove condensed moisture, thereby achieving gas drying. Compared to conventional domestically produced air pumps that use air cooling, air pumps employing thermoelectric cooling technology offer advantages such as compact size, simple structure, noiseless operation, fast condensation speed, and high condensation efficiency. Consequently, they are widely used in high-end ventilator air pumps.

▲ Ventilator air pump utilizing thermoelectric cooling technology

III. Nd-YAG Laser Surgical Device

The most significant feature of the Nd-YAG laser surgical device is its high output power, enabling the vaporization or cutting of pathological tissues. Furthermore, tissues treated with Nd-YAG lasers develop immunity to the specific ulcer or tumor, preventing recurrence. As a result, it has been widely used in clinical treatments in recent years. High output power corresponds to high electrical power consumption. For example, a commonly used medical 100W Nd-YAG laser surgical device consumes over 35KW of electrical power. Only a small fraction of this energy is converted into light energy, with most being transformed into heat. 

Inadequate heat dissipation can damage the laser cavity, internal YAG crystal, and xenon lamp. Therefore, effective cooling of the laser cavity is a prerequisite for the normal operation of an Nd-YAG laser surgical device. Currently, most Nd-YAG laser surgical devices, whether domestically produced or imported, use water cooling to cool the laser cavity. This leads to common drawbacks such as complex tubing connections, large size, cumbersome operation, and limited continuous operation time. In contrast, Nd-YAG laser surgical devices employing thermoelectric cooling feature a compact, lightweight cooling system, enabling an integrated design. 

The entire set of components, including power supply, laser cavity, temperature control circuit, and thermoelectric cooling system, can be assembled into one unit without additional water tanks or external tubing. This results in a small, lightweight device that is extremely easy to use. Moreover, it allows for very long continuous operation times. When the output power is below 40 watts, it can essentially operate continuously without restriction.

▲ Nd-YAG surgical device utilizing thermoelectric cooling

IV. Cryostat Microtome

Conventional microtomes use CO₂ as a refrigerant, which can only achieve temperatures around -10°C, and the cooling rate is slow. Pre-freezing preservation treatment is often required to prevent tissue cell damage, making the sectioning process time-consuming. Especially in higher ambient temperatures, the freezing hardness of the tissue directly affects the sectioning quality. Tissue hardness decreases as tissue temperature rises. Additionally, if the freezing rate is insufficient, issues like ice crystal formation or tissue cell rupture can occur, compromising section quality. In contrast, cryostat microtomes using thermoelectric cooling technology for tissue freezing require only two process steps: freezing and sectioning. They offer high tissue freezing rates and low temperatures, capable of reducing tissue temperature to -50°C to -60°C within minutes. They are characterized by simple and convenient operation, fast sectioning speed, and high quality.

Cryostat microtome utilizing thermoelectric cooling technology Above,Huajing Temperature Control briefly introduced several medical devices that apply thermoelectric cooling technology. In recent years, thermoelectric cooling technology, as a crucial solution for high heat flux localized active cooling and precise temperature control, has been widely adopted across numerous sectors including consumer electronics, telecommunications, medical aesthetics, industrial applications, automotive, aerospace and defense, and oil and gas mining. Leveraging its irreplaceable advantages such as flexibility, diversity, and reliability, it has become a key technology supporting many modern industries.

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